Fd x50-252 pdf

Set mode of compressor operation. Can be upward or downward. Default is downward. If a signal of stream rises above this level it will affect the gain reduction. By default it is 0. Range is between 0. Set a ratio by which the signal is reduced. Default is 2. Range is between 1 and Amount of milliseconds the signal has to rise above the threshold before gain reduction starts. Default is Amount of milliseconds the signal has to fall below the threshold before reduction is decreased again.

Set the amount by how much signal will be amplified after processing. Default is 1. Range is from 1 to Curve the sharp knee around the threshold to enter gain reduction more softly.

Range is between 1 and 8. Choose if the average level between all channels of input stream or the louder maximum channel of input stream affects the reduction. Default is average. Should the exact signal be taken in case of peak or an RMS one in case of rms. Default is rms which is mostly smoother. Apply cross fade from one input audio stream to another input audio stream.

The cross fade is applied for specified duration near the end of first stream. Specify the number of samples for which the cross fade effect has to last. At the end of the cross fade effect the first input audio will be completely silent. Specify the duration of the cross fade effect. See ffmpeg-utils the Time duration section in the ffmpeg-utils 1 manual for the accepted syntax. This filter splits audio stream into two or more frequency ranges.

Summing all streams back will give flat output. Set filter order for each band split. This controls filter roll-off or steepness of filter transfer function. Available values are:. This filter is bit crusher with enhanced functionality. A bit crusher is used to audibly reduce number of bits an audio signal is sampled with.

Material reduced in bit depth sounds more harsh and "digital". This filter is able to even round to continuous values instead of discrete bit depths. An Anti-Aliasing setting is able to produce "softer" crushing sounds. Another feature of this filter is the logarithmic mode. This setting switches from linear distances between bits to logarithmic ones. The human ear has a logarithmic perception, so this kind of crushing is much more pleasant. Logarithmic crushing is also able to get anti-aliased.

Samples detected as impulsive noise are replaced by interpolated samples using autoregressive modelling. Set window size, in milliseconds. Allowed range is from 10 to Default value is 55 milliseconds. This sets size of window which will be processed at once. Set window overlap, in percentage of window size. Allowed range is from 50 to Default value is 75 percent. Setting this to a very high value increases impulsive noise removal but makes whole process much slower.

Set autoregression order, in percentage of window size. Allowed range is from 0 to Default value is 2 percent. This option also controls quality of interpolated samples using neighbour good samples. Set threshold value. Allowed range is from 1 to Default value is 2.

This controls the strength of impulsive noise which is going to be removed. The lower value, the more samples will be detected as impulsive noise. Set burst fusion, in percentage of window size. Allowed range is 0 to If any two samples detected as noise are spaced less than this value then any sample between those two samples will be also detected as noise. Default value is 8 percent. Default value is Higher values make clip detection less aggressive.

Set size of histogram used to detect clips. Allowed range is from to Unused delays will be silently ignored. If number of given delays is smaller than number of channels all remaining channels will not be delayed. Use last set delay for all remaining channels. By default is disabled. This option if enabled changes how option delays is interpreted. Set the detection threshold used to trigger equalization. Threshold detection is using bandpass filter.

Set the detection frequency in Hz used for bandpass filter used to trigger equalization. Default value is Hz. Allowed range is between 2 and Hz.

Set the detection resonance factor for bandpass filter used to trigger equalization. Allowed range is from 0. Set the target frequency of equalization filter. Set the target resonance factor for target equalization filter. Set the amount of milliseconds the signal from detection has to rise above the detection threshold before equalization starts.

Allowed range is between 1 and Set the amount of milliseconds the signal from detection has to fall below the detection threshold before equalization ends.

Curve the sharp knee around the detection threshold to calculate equalization gain more softly. Allowed range is between 0 and 8. Set the ratio by which the equalization gain is raised.

Set the makeup offset in dB by which the equalization gain is raised. Default is 0. Allowed range is between 0 and Set an amount of sensitivity to frequency fluctations. Echoes are reflected sound and can occur naturally amongst mountains and sometimes large buildings when talking or shouting; digital echo effects emulate this behaviour and are often used to help fill out the sound of a single instrument or vocal.

The time difference between the original signal and the reflection is the delay , and the loudness of the reflected signal is the decay. Multiple echoes can have different delays and decays. Allowed range for each delay is 0 - Allowed range for each decay is 0 - 1. Audio emphasis filter creates or restores material directly taken from LPs or emphased CDs with different filter curves. Once the material is played back the inverse filter has to be applied to restore the distortion of the frequency response.

Set filter mode. For restoring material use reproduction mode, otherwise use production mode. Default is reproduction mode.

This filter accepts one or more expressions one for each channel , which are evaluated and used to modify a corresponding audio signal. If the number of input channels is greater than the number of expressions, the last specified expression is used for the remaining output channels.

Set output channel layout. If not specified, the channel layout is specified by the number of expressions. An exciter is used to produce high sound that is not present in the original signal. This is done by creating harmonic distortions of the signal which are restricted in range and added to the original signal. An Exciter raises the upper end of an audio signal without simply raising the higher frequencies like an equalizer would do to create a more "crisp" or "brilliant" sound.

Set the amount of harmonics added to original signal. Set the amount of newly created harmonics. Default value is 8. Set the lower frequency limit of producing harmonics in Hz. Allowed range is from to Hz. Default is Hz. Set the upper frequency limit of producing harmonics. If value is lower than Hz no limit is applied. Specify the effect type, can be either in for fade-in, or out for a fade-out effect. Default is in. Specify the number of samples for which the fade effect has to last.

At the end of the fade-in effect the output audio will have the same volume as the input audio, at the end of the fade-out transition the output audio will be silence.

Specify the start time of the fade effect. The value must be specified as a time duration; see ffmpeg-utils the Time duration section in the ffmpeg-utils 1 manual for the accepted syntax. Specify the duration of the fade effect. Set custom band noise for every one of 15 bands. Enable noise tracking. With this enabled, noise floor is automatically adjusted. Start or stop measuring noise profile.

Syntax for the command is : "start" or "stop" string. After measuring noise profile is stopped it will be automatically applied in filtering. Change noise reduction. Argument is single float number. Change noise floor. Change output mode operation. Syntax for the command is : "i", "o" or "n" string. Default is "re". Default is "im". Each expression in real and imag can contain the following constants and functions:.

Return the value of imaginary part of frequency bin at location bin , channel. Set window overlap. If set to 1, the recommended overlap for selected window function will be picked. It can be used as component for digital crossover filters, room equalization, cross talk cancellation, wavefield synthesis, auralization, ambiophonics, ambisonics and spatialization.

This filter uses the streams higher than first one as FIR coefficients. If the non-first stream holds a single channel, it will be used for all input channels in the first stream, otherwise the number of channels in the non-first stream must be same as the number of channels in the first stream. Set gain to be applied to IR coefficients before filtering.

Allowed range is 0 to 1. This gain is applied after any gain applied with gtype option. Set format of IR stream. Can be mono or input. Default is input. Set max allowed Impulse Response filter duration in seconds. Default is 30 seconds. Allowed range is 0. Show IR frequency response, magnitude magenta , phase green and group delay yellow in additional video stream.

By default it is disabled. Set for which IR channel to display frequency response. By default is first channel displayed. This option is used only when response is enabled. Set minimal partition size used for convolution. Lower values decreases latency at cost of higher CPU usage. Set maximal partition size used for convolution. Allowed range is from 8 to Lower values may increase CPU usage. Set number of input impulse responses streams which will be switchable at runtime.

Set IR stream which will be used for convolution, starting from 0 , should always be lower than supplied value by nbirs option. This option can be changed at runtime via commands. Set output format constraints for the input audio. The framework will negotiate the most appropriate format to minimize conversions. See ffmpeg-utils the Channel Layout section in the ffmpeg-utils 1 manual for the required syntax.

Set the noise sigma, allowed range is from 0 to 1. This option controls strength of denoising applied to input samples. Most useful way to set this option is via decibels, eg. Set the number of wavelet levels of decomposition.

Setting this too low make denoising performance very poor. Set wavelet type for decomposition of input frame. They are sorted by number of coefficients, from lowest to highest. More coefficients means worse filtering speed, but overall better quality. Available wavelets are:. Set percent of full denoising.

Allowed range is from 0 to percent. Default value is 85 percent or partial denoising. If enabled, first input frame will be used as noise profile.

If first frame samples contain non-noise performance will be very poor. If enabled, input frames are analyzed for presence of noise. If noise is detected with high possibility then input frame profile will be used for processing following frames, until new noise frame is detected. Set size of single frame in number of samples. Default frame size is samples. Set softness applied inside thresholding function.

Default softness is 1. A gate is mainly used to reduce lower parts of a signal. This kind of signal processing reduces disturbing noise between useful signals. Gating is done by detecting the volume below a chosen level threshold and dividing it by the factor set with ratio.

The bottom of the noise floor is set via range. Because an exact manipulation of the signal would cause distortion of the waveform the reduction can be levelled over time. This is done by setting attack and release. Set the mode of operation. If set to upward mode, higher parts of signal will be amplified, expanding dynamic range in upward direction. Otherwise, in case of downward lower parts of signal will be reduced.

Set the level of gain reduction when the signal is below the threshold. Allowed range is from 0 to 1. Setting this to 0 disables reduction and then filter behaves like expander. If a signal rises above this level the gain reduction is released. Amount of milliseconds the signal has to rise above the threshold before gain reduction stops. Default is 20 milliseconds. Amount of milliseconds the signal has to fall below the threshold before the reduction is increased again. Default is milliseconds.

Set amount of amplification of signal after processing. Allowed range is from 1 to 8. Choose if exact signal should be taken for detection or an RMS like one. Default is rms. Can be peak or rms. Choose if the average level between all channels or the louder channel affects the reduction.

Can be average or maximum. Normalize filter coefficients, by default is enabled. Enabling it will normalize magnitude response at DC to 0dB. Coefficients in tf and sf format are separated by spaces and are in ascending order. Coefficients in zp format are complex numbers with i imaginary unit. Last provided coefficients will be used for all remaining channels. The limiter prevents an input signal from rising over a desired threshold. This limiter uses lookahead technology to prevent your signal from distorting.

It means that there is a small delay after the signal is processed. Keep in mind that the delay it produces is the attack time you set. The limiter will reach its attenuation level in this amount of time in milliseconds. Default is 5 milliseconds. Come back from limiting to attenuation 1.

Default is 50 milliseconds. When gain reduction is always needed ASC takes care of releasing to an average reduction level rather than reaching a reduction of 0 in the release time. Select how much the release time is affected by ASC, 0 means nearly no changes in release time while 1 produces higher release times. Depending on picked setting it is recommended to upsample input 2x or 4x times with aresample before applying this filter.

Apply a two-pole all-pass filter with central frequency in Hz frequency , and filter-width width. Normalize biquad coefficients, by default is disabled. If the channel layouts of the inputs are disjoint, and therefore compatible, the channel layout of the output will be set accordingly and the channels will be reordered as necessary. If the channel layouts of the inputs are not disjoint, the output will have all the channels of the first input then all the channels of the second input, in that order, and the channel layout of the output will be the default value corresponding to the total number of channels.

For example, if the first input is in 2. On the other hand, if both input are in stereo, the output channels will be in the default order: a1, a2, b1, b2, and the channel layout will be arbitrarily set to 4. Note that this filter only supports float samples the amerge and pan audio filters support many formats.

If the amix input has integer samples then aresample will be automatically inserted to perform the conversion to float samples. The transition time, in seconds, for volume renormalization when an input stream ends.

The default value is 2 seconds. Specify weight of each input audio stream as sequence. Each weight is separated by space. By default all inputs have same weight. Always scale inputs instead of only doing summation of samples.

Beware of heavy clipping if inputs are not normalized prior or after filtering by this filter if this option is disabled. By default is enabled. Multiply first audio stream with second audio stream and store result in output audio stream. Multiplication is done by multiplying each sample from first stream with sample at same position from second stream.

Set channel number to which equalization will be applied. Set max gain that will be displayed. Only useful if curves option is activated. Setting this to a reasonable value makes it possible to display gain which is derived from neighbour bands which are too close to each other and thus produce higher gain when both are activated. Yanto Rifai 13 Januari Sitac 24 Februari Unknown 25 April Unknown 22 Desember Yunita Ardila 5 Januari B the good ones 11 Maret Unknown 31 Oktober En el extremo D existe una fuerza vertical hacia abajo, que lo lleva los N hasta cero, cerrando el diagrama de fuerza cortante correctamente.

De acuerdo a la figura 5. Lo contrario sucede cuando el momento es negativo. Iniciamos desde el extremo izquierdo de la viga en voladizo, teniendo una fuerza de kgf hacia abajo que es constante en el tramo DA 2. Las reacciones en los apoyos y los diagramas de fuerza cortante, momento flector y refuerzo se muestran en la figura 5. En el punto C existe una carga vertical hacia arriba de 30kN, que lo lleva de -6,25kN hasta 23,75kN 3. En la figura 5. En el extremo C de la viga, existe una carga puntual de 5kN hacia abajo, debido a que en el diagrama de fuerza cortante desciende dicha magnitud.

En el tramo AD no existe carga alguna, debido a que el diagrama de fuerza cortante permanece constante. En el punto D de la viga existe una carga puntual hacia abajo e igual a 10kN, tal como se muestra en el diagrama de fuerza cortante. En el tramo EF no existe carga alguna, por ello, el diagrama de fuerza cortante permanece constante e igual a 90,72kgf 4. Este valor es constante en el tramo BH, existiendo en el extremo H una carga vertical de ,41kgf que lo hace descender hasta cero.

En el punto C existe una carga puntual hacia abajo de kN, que lo hace descender de ,kN hasta ,kN 4. En el extremo D de la viga existe una fuerza, cuya componente vertical es de kN hacia abajo, que lo lleva hasta cero.

En el punto C hay una fuerza de 1T hacia abajo que lo reduce al valor de 1,5T hasta 0,5T 2. En el tramo BF no existe carga alguna, siendo constante el diagrama de fuerza cortante e igual a 0,5T hasta llegar al extremo F de la viga, donde la carga vertical hacia debajo de 0,5T lo lleva hasta cero.

En el tramo AB existe una carga uniformemente distribuida que lo hace descender gradualmente hasta 20,5T 3. En el punto B existe una carga puntual de 20T hacia abajo, que lo hace descender hasta 0,5T 4. En el punto E existe una carga de 6T vertical hacia abajo, que lo lleva hasta 1T, siendo constante en el tramo EC 3.

En el tramo EC no existe carga alguna, por ello, el diagrama de fuerza cortante es constante e igual a -1,5T 2. Para ello, proyectamos las fuerzas a lo largo de cada barra en su eje longitudinal. Ahora, graficamos los diagramas de fuerza axial, fuerza cortante y momento flector.

Por ello, el apoyo C puede asumirse como un apoyo movible. Tabla 5. Parallel ports are used to connect printers, scanners, CD writers etc. These ports are becoming obsolete now. It is a single, low cost, plug n play connector. The operating system automatically detects the device connected through the USB port. USB ports have become very popular these days as they connect many different devices to the computer these days.

Flash drives, digital cameras, printers, scanners are some of the devices that often connect through the USB port. Infrared Port In this type of port, data is transmitted through Infrared waves. For infrared transmission the device and the computer both must have infrared ports.

The remote control of our TV sets uses the same technology. For wireless data communication between computers and various peripheral devices we use infrared ports. Bluetooth Port Bluetooth is used to connect mobile phones, computers and PDAs using a short range wireless connection. This technology uses radio waves to transmit data between any two devices. The devices that are Bluetooth enabled contain a small transceiver chip that allows them to communicate with other Bluetooth enabled computer or device.

Data can be exchanged at the rate of about 2 megabit per second. Name any two secondary storage devices. Primary memory and Secondary memory c. Introduction Algorithm is a step-by-step process of solving a well-defined computational problem. In practice, in order to solve any complex real life problems, first we have to define the problem and then, design algorithm to solve it.

Writing and executing a simple program may be easy; however, for executing a bigger one, each part of the program must be well organized.

In short, algorithms are used to simplify the program implementation. The next step is making the flowchart. Then, the flowchart will be converted into program code. Algorithm An algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well defined instructions for calculating a function, starting from an initial state and initial input.

The instructions describe a computation, which will eventually produce output, when executed. We can use algorithm to solve any kind of problems. However, before writing a program, we need to write the steps to solve the problem in simple English language.

This step-by-step procedure to solve the problem is called algorithm. Further, the way of execution of the program shall be categorized into three ways: i sequence statements; ii selection statements; and iii iteration or looping statements.

Sequence statements: In this program, all the instructions are executed one after another. These examples are executed under sequential statement.

Selective Statements: In this program, some portion of the program is executed based upon the conditional test. If the conditional test is true, compiler will execute some part of the program, otherwise it will execute the other part of the program. Example Write an algorithm to check whether he is eligible to vote? Step 1: Start Step 2: Take any number and store it in n. Iterative statements: In some programs, certain set of statements are executed again and again based upon conditional test.

Flowchart In the previous section of this chapter, we have learnt to write algorithms, i. We can also show these steps in graphical form by using some symbols.

This is called flowcharting. Processing 4. Decision Box 5. Flow of control 6. Connector The following flowchart is an example of a sequential execution. Example Draw a flowchart to find the simple interest.

Example Draw a flow chart to find factorial of any number. The following is an example of infinite loop. This is also called infinite loop. Note: Set of statements is executed again and again without any end is called infinite loop. A step by step method for solving a problem using English Language a program b Flowchart c statement d Algorithm 2.

Set of statements is executed based upon conditional test. Set of statements is executed again and again based upon conditional test. The graphical representation of algorithm is a program b Flowchart c statement d Algorithm 5. All instructions are executed one after other. Define Algorithm. Define Flowchart. Write an algorithm to find the sum of two numbers. Write an algorithm to find the area of a triangle.

Write an algorithm to find whether given number is odd or even. Write an algorithm to find the sum of all even number up to given number. Draw a flowchart to find the area of a circle. Draw a flowchart to find the smallest number among n numbers.

Draw a flowchart to find the sum of all multiples of 5 up to given number. Mona is confused about finite loop and infinite loop, explain her with the help of example.

Write an algorithm and a flowchart to find sum of n numbers. Introduction Learning to write computer program is very much like learning any skill. First, we should understand the problems well and then try to solve it in a logical manner. For example: We have read many books available in the market for describing the car driving methods.

However, we can learn driving once we actually get into the car and start driving it. The same logic is applied in computer programming also. Computer programming is the process of writing, testing, troubleshooting, debugging and maintaining of a computer program.

An effective program is that which gives result of all different inputs, including wrong input also. While creating program, we need to follow certain systematic approach. What is a Good Program?

A Good Program means that it should produce correct and faster results, taking into account all the memory constraints.

While making good program, we need to follow certain guidelines of programming language for creating a successful program. The following is the list of good programming habits that most people agree. It is a combination of Operators, Operands and Constants. Any expression used in the program should be understood by the user. The followings are some of the points to be kept in mind while using expressions in a program.

Use of proper names for identifiers Identifiers are user defined names. They are used to name things. A name is associated with a function or data object constants and variables and used to refer to that function or data object. They, however, must begin with a letter or underscore and not with a digit.

Comments A comment is a programming language construct, which is used to embed programmer-readable annotations in the source code of a computer program. Those annotations are potentially significant to programmers but typically ignorable to compilers and interpreters. Comments are usually added with the purpose of making the source code easy to understand. Hence, add comments to your code in simple English language that describes the function of the code and the reason for your decision to do it in a particular way as well.

Obviously, blocks can have multiple lines. As long as they are all indented with the same amount of spaces, they constitute one block. The quality of the program depends upon the instructions given to it. Hence, a program should be developed to ensure proper functionality of the computer and also should be easy to understand.

A computer program should have some important characteristics, which are as follows: Flexibility A program should be flexible enough to handle most of the changes without having to rewrite the entire program. A flexible program is used to serve many purposes. For example, CAD Computer Aided Design software is used for different purposes such as; engineering drafting, printing circuit board layout and design, architectural design, technical drawing, industrial art, etc. Most of the programs are being developed for certain period and they need updation during the course of time.

It must interact with user through understandable messages. In addition, the proper message for the user to input data and to display the result, besides making the program easily understandable and modifiable. Portability Portability refers to the ability of an application to run on different platforms operating systems with or without minimal changes.

Since the change of platform is a common phenomenon nowadays, due to the developments in hardware and the software, portability has to be taken care of it. In case, a program is developed for a particular platform, it would become obsolete after a certain period of time.

At the same time, if a program that is developed does have the ability to work on different platforms, it makes software more useable. High language programs are often more portable than assembly language programs. Reliability It is the ability of a program to do its intended function accurately even if there are even small changes in the computer system.

Moreover, the program must be able to handle unexpected situation like wrong input or no input. Self-Documenting Code The source code, which uses suitable name for the identifiers variables and methods , is called self-documenting code. Also, giving proper name for variables and methods would tell the reader of your code clearly -what is it doing? Hence, a good program must have a self-documenting code.

Problem solving process The problem solving process starts with the problem specifications and ends with a concrete and correct program. Programming means a problem solving activity, which consists of four steps. It may be very difficult to understand the problem but it is crucial. In general, one must find out the output from the given data input data and assess the relationship between input and output data.

It is also important to verify whether the given information is sufficient to solve the problem or not. Devising a plan It means drawing an action plan to solve the problem, once understood. A plan is devised from data processing to the result according to the relationship that links both of them. If the problem is trivial, this step will not require much thinking. Executing the plan Once the plan is defined, it should follow the plan of action completely and each element of the plan should be checked as it is applied.

In the course of execution, if any part of the plan is found to be unsatisfactory, the plan should be revised. Evaluation Finally, the result should be examined in order to make sure that it is valid and that the problem has been solved completely. However, the efficient way is to adopt a systematic method of problem solving. The use of systematic method of problem solving is crucial when we use a computer to solve a problem.

They are given as under: 1. Problem Definition 2. Problem Analysis 3. Design the problem 4. Coding 5. Program Testing and Debugging 6. Documentation 7. Prior to writing a program, one has to understand a description of the problem to solve. Once you are sure of what the problem entails, you must write down a list of specifications. Specifications are precise definitions of what the program must do. The original problem has to be analyzed and divided into a number of sub-problems as these sub-problems are easier to solve and their solutions would become the components of the final program.

Each sub-problem is divided into further smaller ones and this fragmentation has to be continued to achieve simple solutions.

The use of modular programming is to get proper solution. Modular Programming: Modular Programming is the act of designing and writing programs as functions a large program is divided into the small individual components that each one performs, a single well-defined function, which has minimal interaction between the sub-programs.

It means that the content of each function is cohesive and there is low coupling between them. There are two methods available for modular programming. They are: top-down design and bottom-up design. Top-Down design: The principles of top-down design dictate that a program should be divided into a main module and its related module.

Each module should also be divided into sub modules according to software engineering and programming style. The division continues till the module consists only of an elementary process that is intrinsically understood and cannot be further sub-divided. Bottom-up design: Bottom-up design is just the opposite of top-down design. It refers to a style of programming, in which, an application is constructed with existing primitives of the programming language and then gradually more and more complicated features are added till applications are written.

In other words, initiating the design with simple modules and then build them into more complex structures ending at the top is bottom-up design. It is normally given in mix of computer code and English language. It is the diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. Since algorithm cannot be executed directly by the computer, it has to be translated into a programming language. Debugging is the process of finding and correcting the errors in the program code. Type of errors: There are three types of errors generally occur during compilation and running a program.

They are i Syntax error; ii Logical error; and iii Runtime error. Syntax error: Every programming language has its own rules and regulations syntax. If we overcome the particular language rules and regulations, the syntax error will appear i. It can be recognized during compilation time. This will flash a syntax error. It is an error in a program's source code that results in incorrect or unexpected result. It is a type of runtime error that may simply produce the wrong output or may cause a program to crash while running.

The logical error might only be noticed during runtime, because it is often hidden in the source code and are typically harder to find and debug. Runtime error: A runtime error is an error that causes abnormal termination of program during running time. In general, the dividend is not a constant but might be a number typed by you at runtime. In this case, division by zero is illogical. Computers check for a "division by zero" error during program execution, so that you can get a "division by zero" error message at runtime, which will stop your program abnormally.

This type of error is called runtime error. Program maintenance It is not directly part of the original implementation process, but needs special emphasis. All activities that occur after a program operation are part of the program maintenance. Usually, the expenditure for the program maintenance will be more than the developmental cost of the program. Maintenance is an important part of the life cycle of a program.

It is also important as far as documentation is concerned, since any change pertaining to a program will require updating of internal as well as external documentation.

Maintenance documentation will include results of the program development steps, design documents, program code and test information. User Define name. If we overcome the rules of the programming language, we get a Runtime error b Syntax error c logical error d None of the above. Correcting the program code: a Testing b Syntax error c Runtime error d Debugging 4.

Designing the problem a Testing b Debugging c logical error d Algorithm 5. Algorithm when translated into a programming language is called a Flowchart b Identifier c Code d Debugging 6. The program must be able to handle unexpected situation like wrong input or no input. Leading white space at the beginning of each statement, which is used to determine the group of statement. It refers to the ability of an application to run on different platforms with or without minimal changes. What is a good program?

What is an identifier? How to write comments in a program? What is the purpose of expression? Explain with an example. Write and explain all steps of programming methodology. Differentiate between runtime errors and logical errors. Define documentation. What is program maintenance?

Define modular programming. Differentiate between top down and bottom up methods of modular programming. Explain types of errors with examples. How to maintain programs? Write all steps of program methodology? What do you mean by clarity and simplicity of expression? What do you mean by flexibility? Explain all steps of problem solving process. What is indentation? What do you mean by debugging? What is the use of self documenting code in programming?

What is the purpose of giving meaningful name for identifiers? The language was released in I Python can be used to follow both Procedural approach and Object Oriented approach of programming. It is free to use. A program is a sequence of instructions that specifies how to perform a Computation. The Computation might be mathematical or working with text. To write and run Python program, we need to have Python interpreter installed in our computer.

It lets edit, run, browse and debug Python Programs from a single interface. This environment makes it easy to write programs. We will be using version 2. Now, we will first start with interactive mode. Here, we type a Python statement and the interpreter displays the result s immediately. Interactive Mode For working in the interactive mode, we will start Python on our computer.

You can take the help of your Teacher. When we start up the IDLE following window will appear: What we see is a welcome message of Python interpreter with revision details and the Python prompt, i. This is a primary prompt indicating that the interpreter is expecting a python command. Interpreter uses prompt to indicate that it is ready for instruction.

Therefore, we can say, if there is prompt on screen, it means IDLE is working in interactive mode. We will talk about it in the later part of chapter. Now we are good to write a small code on our own in Python. While writing in Python, remember Python is case sensitive. Use Enter key to select it. Using these keys, your prior commands will be recalled and displayed, and we may edit or rerun them also. Similarly, Copyright and Licenses command can be used to know more about Python.

Help command provides help on Python. It can be used as….. And with a name predefined in bracket will give us details of the referred word. To leave the help mode and return back to interactive mode, quit command can be used.

Script Mode In script mode, we type Python program in a file and then use the interpreter to execute the content from the file. Working in interactive mode is convenient for beginners and for testing small pieces of code, as we can test them immediately. But for coding more than few lines, we should always save our code so that we may modify and reuse the code. Note: Result produced by Interpreter in both the modes, viz.

Python, in interactive mode, is good enough to learn, experiment or explore, but its only drawback is that we cannot save the statements for further use and we have to retype all the statements to re-run them. Write the Python code as function i. Variables and Types When we create a program, we often like to store values so that it can be used later. We use objects to capture data, which then can be manipulated by computer to provide information. Every object has: A.

A type — can be checked using type object and C. A value Let us study all these in detail A. Identity of the object: It is the object's address in memory and does not change once it has been created. We would be referring to objects as variable for now B.

Type i. It can be one of the following: 1. Number Number data type stores Numerical Values. This data type is immutable i. Also integers should not have leading zeros. When we want a value to be treated as very long integer value append L to the value. Such values are treated as long integers by python. For accessing different parts of variable object x; we will use x. None This is special data type with single value. It is represented by None.

Sequence A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers. It is combination of mutable and non mutable data types. The quotes are not part of string. They only tell the computer where the string constant begins and ends.

They can have any character or sign, including space in them.