Irc sp 21 pdf download

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In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. Addeddate Identifier govlawircysp Such rest areas in the desert will be able to provide considerable relief to road users in intense heat.

For more details about plantation, refer to Section 11 8. Only under unavoidable circumstances, a road may be planned with restricted ROW. But wherever road passes through animal corridor, it may be ascertained that there is minimum disturbance to the forest and the animal life.

This is illustrated in Fig. By selective thinning and pruning of vegetation, contrasting views could be developed so as to break the monotony of travel, Fig. At the same time, the road should not be so conspicuous and close to the waterline that there is an adverse effect on the overall surroundings.

For instance, the route could be located behind sparingly planted groups of trees which will permit full views to the travellers and yet disturbance as regards visitors to the beach will not be so much. At places, dense plantation could be made use of to screen private areas and undesirable views.

Yet, every possibility of beautifying the landscape should be investigated and feasible steps taken. The inventory should be depicted on linear plans together with indication about potential locations where scenic lay byes, roadside parks, group plantations etc. The existing features and roadside shoulders should be maintained properly. If available land width is insufficient to implement this programme, acquisition of additional land should be seriously considered keeping in view the following requirements: i To provide flatter side slopes in cuts and fills alongwith contouring of the adjacent land.

On existing roads, the following points deserve special consideration: i Adopting an integrated scheme of planting so that the new trees and shrubs go well with existing vegetation. Where there is a steep fall in levels along the drain, small weirs may be constructed at intervals to allow the water to fall in cascades, which will create a pleasant effect.

Similarly, old tree stumps should be removed and the area made presentable by suitable means. For example, grass mowing should be at intervals governed by growth rates, fertilizing of turf maximum growth periods and selective should precede pruning of plants should precede the dormant period.

Some items of roadside maintenance such as tree removal and tree care, which are not seasonal, may be scheduled for other periods. The dust may settle on roadside plants and shrubs and spoil their beauty. Where the problem is acute, plants and shrubs should be periodically given a wash to remove the dust. For proper selection of plant, native plant species have been recommended for different climatic regions.

In Appendix-I principal details of each of the species, such as, their name in different languages, characteristics of growth and the suggested location of use has been described. Besides, it is the cheapest way of landscape improvement. Trees have innumerable direct and indirect benefits of supplying timber and fuel at maturity. During their life time, they supply fodder, fruits, seeds, help in controlling soil erosion and water conservation, offer shade and are oxygen producing industries to combat ever increasing air pollution Appendix-ll.

Big foliage trees also help in reducing noise and dust pollution. The planting species are decided based on the physical growth characteristics of trees, like form and shape, foliage pattern, growth rate, branching pattern, soil characteristics and conditions of the strip like water logged areas etc. While selecting the species of trees for landscaping, great care should be taken to choose the species, which already exist along the project corridor.

Large and spreading shade trees, with thick foliage are proposed to provide much needed shade on glaring, hot roads during summer. Evergreen trees do not have substantial leaf fall, which avoid the nuisance of clogging of lined drains. Similarly, green cover in the form of turfing stabilizes steep slopes and high embankments. A concept should be evolved so as to maintain visual characteristics and uniformity in terms of landscape along the stretch. In the absence of uniform land availability for the plantations, different schemes may be worked out in tune with the local variations in the design.

To achieve this, entire stretch of the project corridor should be divided into homogenous landscape sections based on similarity in terms of soil conditions, climate temperature and rainf?. A study on the local flora and vegetative cover native to these sections should be carried out as part of the field surveys to enable the choice of suitable species for particular section. For the sake of better road safety and for enhancing aesthetics, it has now been felt better to provide the shade plants in the last available row.

In the first or the only available row; and other intermediary rows, small to medium sized ornamental trees should be planted. Physical growth characteristics of trees, like form and shape, foliage and rooting characteristics, growth rate, canopy type and branching pattern are the major criteria in the selection of plantation type and density.

The space available in the ROW is one major guiding factor for different themes of landscaping applied in the entire corridor. In rural sections, the last row will always be of shade bearing tall trees. In case of urban and semi-urban areas, where because of land constraints, only one row of plantation possible, ornamental species should be planted instead of shade bearing species. A combination of ornamental, shade and screening trees have been recommended.

The number of rows and the repetition of the trees and their type vary with the landscape section, the typical cross-section and the space available in the ROW for tree plantation. Table 1 and 2 list a few species, which can generally be planted throughout India for this purpose. Acacia auriculiformis Vilayati babool Sep-Oct. Bauhinia sps.

Kachnar Feb-Mar. Delonix regia Gulmohar MayA'ellow 6. Peltophorum ferrugineum Peltophorum Oct. A'ellow 8. Water logged Cordia dicotma Lasoda 9. Terminalia arjuna Arjun Albizzia lebbek Kala siris 2. Dalbergia sissoo Shisham 3. Pongamia pinnata Kanji 6. Terminalia arjuna Arjuna The shade trees in the last available row should be planted at a spacing of 2 m.

These tree species should be of local significance and should be mostly evergreen in nature, which ensure no substantial leaf-fall in winters preventing the problem of blockage of roadside drains. Trees with the following characteristics will be planted as shade trees: i Trees with high crown forms secure better visibility and are therefore ideal. The tree species recommended as shade plants for roadside avenues are given in Table 3.

These species can be planted almost though out India. Region-wise specific lists have been provided in Annex A to F. It is recommended that local experts from the Forest Department and Horticulture Department should be consulted before finalizing the choice of species for a particular stretch.

One to two rows of flowering shrubs will be provided according to the varying width of the median in different sections. In sections where the median width is less than 1. Some herbaceous species may also be planted as a ground cover, not only on the medians but on special landscapes and embankment slopes also.

The shrub species proposed in the median are mainly Bougainvillea and Thevetia nerifolia Kaner. However, other suitable species may be planted in consultation with the local horticulture specialists. Region-wise specific lists have been given in Annex A to F. In most of the areas, the existing plantations along the highways have been notified as protected forests.

For these areas, permission for tree cutting is required to be taken from the Forest Department under the Forest Conservation Act, While granting the permission, the Forest Department stipulates the conditions not only for compensatory afforestation but also for avenue plantations.

In these cases, the amount for plantation is deposited with the Forest Department and normally the work of avenue plantation is taken up by them. In these cases, as in the cases of bypasses also, the plantation may be taken either through the contractor if it is a BOQ item. Forest Department as an agency for plantation, or, from a private contractor.

Tall trees like Eucalyptus are not suitable except for waterlogged areas as they interfere with electric and telephone lines and are safety hazards on the road. Medium trees like. Acacia auriculiformis, Gravillea robusta, are ideal for screening. Thorny trees like Acacia Arabica and Ber Zizyphus jujuba are avoided, as these create a nuisance for the pneumatic tyre of motor vehicles. Some such trees are Pongamia sp.. Acacia auriculiformis and Gravillea robusta. Tall shrubs like Casia biflora, hamelia patens etc.

Some areas have steep gradients that need intensive stone pitching treatment. In order to increase the structural stability, this type of treatments, plant materials such as shrubs and ground covers, can be introduced in the interstices. They can be used with emphasis on their rooting characteristics, so that they help in binding the stone pitching treatments. In areas of high water table or water logging, special emphasis should be given on the selection of plant materials that can survive in moist conditions.

The road acts as a bund and contributes to water logging in the region of high water table or the low lying nature of the terrain. Planting of such sites after proper drainage is now a common practice. Arjuna, Jamun and Eucalyptus are usually recommended for waterlogged areas.

Bamboos can also be planted in such areas. The species recommended for such soils include; Azadirachta indica, Ailanthus, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia, Albizzia lebbeck, A. In waterlogged areas, mound with height varying depending on water level No. The pits should be filled with the soil amender, Gypsum 1 to 3 kg per pit, depending on the pH along with 2 kg compost and sand. The treatment helps in lowering down the pH and thus enabling better survival of plants.

Protection Measures Locally available bamboo guards or thorn fencing should be used where protection can be ensured through them. The description and specifications for the iron and brick guards are as given in Figs, 29 to 31 Fig. OR CM. This shall be built of bricks of class designation Bricks should comply with the specifications described in 6.

The first two courses from bottom shall be built dry without mortar with the bricks laid close to each other, without honey-comb. Subsequent courses up to 0. Thereafter the top three courses shall be built without honey-combing, in lime surkhi mortar 1 cement mortar 1 cement 6 fine sand as directed in lime putty: 2 surkhi or in : the bottom most 2 courses and in the top most 3 courses.

Bricks in adjacent courses shall be laid with 10 cm laps. In the honey-combed portion of the work, the vertical edges of bricks in alternate courses shall be in the same line. The laps of bricks on either side of openings shall be equal. The tree guards shall be formed of i 3 Nos.

Outward at lower end upto an extent of 10 cm 3 Nos. Each ring shall be in two parts in the ratio of 1 :2 and their ends shall be turned in radially for a length of 4 cm at which they are bolted together with 8 mm diameter and 30 mm long MS bolts and nuts. RC:SP The vertical angle irons shall be welded to rings along the circumference. The lower end of the angle iron verticals shall be splayed outwards upto an extent of 10 cm.

The lower end of the flat of lower ring shall be at a height of 45 cm and upper end of the flat of top ring shall be at the height of 2. The middle ring shall be in the centre of top and lower ring. The bars shall be welded to rings as shown The entire tree guard shall be in the drawing.

The design of the tree guard shall be as shown in the drawing. The tree guard shall be formed of: I 3 Nos. II 3 Nos. Each ring of the tree 1.

The vertical angle iron shall be welded to rings along the circumference. Welded mesh shall be welded to rings in such a way so as to make it sufficiently strong.

The lower end of the lower rings shall be at 45 cm height and middle ring shall be in the centre of the two. The entire tree guard shall be given two coats of paint of approved brand and of required shade over a priming coat of ready mixed primer of approved brand.

The design of the tree guards shall be as shown in the drawing. A five strand barbed wire fencing, with cross strands, stretched on angle iron poles fixed at a distance of 4 m from one another; is recommended. The grass and shrub planting is done to provide a strong surface cover but needs a well-prepared surface. All masses of loose debris should be removed. Any convexities should be removed and similarly any concavities are to be filled by good soil.

The surface should have sufficient layer of good quality soil [upto 45 cm] so as to have better growth and survival of grasses and shrubs. If grass is to be an effective form, then it must be allowed to establish properly on a slope which doss not subject it to undue stress from erosion and mass movement in its initial stages.

The watering of the surface will be done by tankers till the onset of the monsoon. It will also act as a screen to prevent glare from the incoming vehicles. In sections where median width Is less than 1J m, only grass turf is ricommended. One row of shrubs is recommended on medians of upto 3 m width. Two rows of shrubs should be planted on 4. It etn withstand extreme ttmpertture and elimatie conditions and also has low requirement The spteies have bitn proposed of water.

Howtvtr, other ipeeies listed in the ippendieei may also be ustd. The masses of loose debris on the median and any convexities should be removed and similarly any concavities should be filled by good soil. The surface should have sufficient layer of good quality soil so as to have a better growth and survival of grasses and shrubs.

Generally, plantations works are started In our country with the onset of monsoon. However, if it is possible to provide irrigation. It Is advisable to utilize the high temperatures of summers. Generally, plants respond well to Irrigation during peak summer seasons, as the conditions are very favourable for growth If moisture Is not the limiting factor, The iisential nutrient for plants are mostly transported by the water either by Itself or when water mixes with other eonstituenti like elemental, molecular or compound form.

Sometimes, may act as a bridge between two or more intra or inter-constituents which It will help to supply the desired nutrients from soil and also from atmosphere. The quantity of water requirement largely depends on the nature of species, soil quality, and depth of the first aquifer and on the ellmatle condition of that area, The relative humidity, ttmptriture, wind speed and wind direction have major role In this regard.

The external supply of water is to be continued till the roots of that species may be able to absorb the required quantity of water from the soil strata. The quantity and frequency of watering is given in Table 5. Maintenance of Plantation Height of plants It willdepend upon the soil and climatic conditions, besides the nature of the plant. The following maintenance measures are recommended: , i Regular maintenance of the barbed wire fencing or other fencing material used for protection ii Periodic pruning of trees planted in median so that branches do not spread on to the carriageway iii Casualty replacement of plants before monsoon i iv Clearing of weeds where grass is sown v Removal of unwanted dried leaves during the summer season to prevent fire hazard.

Thus, regular training and pruning by cutting and removal of undesired parts of twigs is required. This is done by cutting away all growth that does not come in the desired frame, shape and size. These are further divided into branches, each making oval shape of 3 m dia in spread near the ground and 1. This process is completed in operations of cutting and pruning in first 2 years of growth.

The sequence of training is shown through sketches in Fig. When the plants take their final size and shape, they are annually cut to this shape by pruning extra growth once or twice a year. Care should be taken that bark of the plants is not damaged, ruptured, or peeled off. After deciding the framework to be retained, shoots should be cut back to desired size and shape. Generally, flowering buds are produced in month old shoots, which are usually cut away through repeated indiscriminate cutting without applying scientific principles of pruning.

Time of pruning is very important and it dormancy i. However, light pruning and pinching of tips can be done any time when it becomes necessary due to other emergent reasons of safety and sanitation etc.

But it has been observed that if they grow to their optimum height and spread, they may cover approximately 8 to 10 m space, both in height and spread.

Only those plants should be used in the median, which are not prone to cyclone damage. This causes damage to asphalted road and makes it more prone to accidents due to skidding and slippages when emergency brakes are applied. Trees already planted in the median, which are still young, should be trained as Topiary and Bonsais as an innovation in the highway landscaping.

These are highly developed art forms of gardening originated in Europe and Japan. Too many trees, apart from involving higher planting costs, very often unnecessarily reduce visibility for fast traffic. Excessive dense avenues serve no useful purpose, apart from affecting the tree growth adversely, also reduces visibility and proves to be dangerous to fast moving traffic. Growth of vegetation close on the road curves may lead to serious reduction of clear sight distance and may cause accidents.

Such accidents can be easily avoided by avoiding planting on near the curves. Close spacing on curves and crossing can be dangerous. So best plan is not to plant the ornamental rows, and miss a tree or two of the shade row at such locations.

Long rooted plants may also damage the carriageway. Ailanthus excelsa Maharukh 2. Azadirachta indica Neem 3. Alstonia scholaris ' 4. Acacia auriculiformis 5. Butea monosperma Palas 6. Bombox ceiba ' 7. Cassia siamea Siamese Cassia 9. Calistemon viminaiis Bottle brush Calistemon citrinus Ceiba pentandra Cochlospermum religiosam Casuarina equisetifolia Dalbergia sissoo Sheesham Erythrina variegata Ficus sp Peepal, Bargad, Pakur, etc Gmelina arborea Gambhari Heterophragma adenophyllum Moringa oleifera Sahjan Melia azadirachta Bakain Millingtonia hortensis Plumerio sp.

Parkinsonia aculeata ' Syzygium cumini Tecoma undulata Rohira Tamarindus India Imli Terminalia sp. Bougainvellia Garden glory 2. Cassia glauca 3. Cassia alata 4. Nerium oleander Kaner 6. Poinciana pulcherima 7. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kane Trees suitable for IVloist Areas Moist locality consists of areas where rainfall is high and of longer duration. The soil remains moist but not necessarily waterlogged.

High humidity pervades the atmosphere. Trees suitable for moist areas are: 1. Alstonia scholaris 2. Barringtonia acitamgi;a , 5. Bauhinia variegate : 7. Brownea coccinea : ; 9. Cassia marginata. Colvillea recemosa : - ' Delonix regia Dillenia indica , : ; Lagerstroemia speciosa ; - :r Peltophorum ferrugineum Samanea saman Polyalthia lognifolia.

Pongamia pinnata Putranjiva roxburghii Saraca asoca Terminalia arjuna Tamarindus indica Trees Suitable for fVlarshy Areas Areas which remain waterlogged for a considerable period of the year come under this ecological environment. Barringtonia acutangula - 2. Eucalyptus rostrata 4. Hibiscus tiliaceus 5. Salix babylonica 6. Tamarix articulate Of the above species eucalyptus rostrata can not only grow under marshy conditions, but has capacity todraw up large quantities of water for transpiration.

Sometimes this species is used for drying up marshy land. Trees Suitable for Saline Tracts Saline tract is present along the coastal areas where the tidalwaves submerge the land periodically. Besides, vast saline tracts aremet with in the country where waterlogging is a perennial problem.

Here the accumulated body of water finds release mainly in to the atmosphere through evaporation leaving behind the salts on the surface, This condition for decades, or even for centuries, have turned the soil very saline.

Trees suitable for such tracts are those that can stand drought as well as high concentration of salinity. The example of such trees are :. Acacia auriculiformis 2. Butea monosperma 3. Casuarina equisetifolia. Cochlospermum religiosum 5. Eucalyptus Citriodora 6.

Heritiera macrophylla 7. Ingadulcis 8. Perkinsonia aculeata 9. Tamarix articulate Thespesia populnea Tamarindus indica Terminalia arjuna Plants Disliked by Cattle Truly speaking, this grouping of trees does not belong to the ecological classification.

Selection of plants that are disliked by cattle will help to ward off the menace from these animals. Some trees under this group are : 1. Cassia fistula 2. Bombox ceaba 3.

Callistemon citrinus , 4. Erothrina variegatum 7. Heterosphrogma adenophyllum 8. Millingtonia hortensis 9. Pwmerio sp v Syzygium umini. Casurina equisetitioia : , Botanical Name Common Name 1. Barrinqtonia accutangula 2. Cedrus deodara Devdar 3. Delinia indica Chilla 4. Grevillea robusta Silver Oak 5. Holoptelia integrifolia Papri 6.

Juglans regia Akhrot Walnut 7. Michelia champaka 8. Myrica nagi Kaphal 9. Pinus sp Chir 8. Pterospermum acerifolium Salixsp Soal Sapindus ryiusorossi Reetha Artabortrys odoratismis 2. Bougainvellia Garden glory 3.

Hydrangea 4. Hibiscus sps. Salix sps. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kaner 9. TMC single and double Albizzia lebeck Siris 2. Albizzia proeera Safed Siris 3. Butea monosperma Palash 4. Bauhinia variegata Kachnar Pink 5. Cassia siamea Siamese Cassia 7. Cedrela toona Toon 8. Chikrassia tabularis Chikasi 9. Calistemon lanceolatus Bottle Brush Emblica officinalis Aonia Ficus sp Peepal, Bagad, Pakur, etc Gravellea robusta Silver Oak Hardwickia pinnata Malabar Mahagani Lagerstroemea floriginea -do-.

Morusalba Shahtoot Mengifera indica DesiMango Pterospermum acerifolium Kanak Champa Putranjiva Polyalthea longifolia Ashok Syzigium cumini Jamoon Terminalia belerica Bahera Tecoma argentia.

Bauhinia alba 2. Bauhinia acuminata 3. Bougainvellia Garden glory 4. Cassia biflora 5. Cassia alata 6. Calliandra 8. Durante 9. Ixora Nerium olea. Thevetia nerifolia Yellow Kaner Tecoma stans Albizzia lebeck Siris 3. Cryptomeria japonica Dhupi 4. Colvelia racemosa 5. Cratevea religiosa Barna 6. Cinchona sps Cinchona Quinine tree 7.

Lagerstroemia floriginea Pride of India 8. Lagerstroemea thorali -do- 9. Shorea robusta Saa! Calliandra 5. Duranta ,. Gardenia floria 7. Ixora 9.

Nerium oleander Kaner Thevetia nerifolia Yenow Kaner Albizzia procera Safed Sins , , 2. Amhertia nobilis 4. Bischofia javanica 5. Colvelia recemosa Kilbili 6.

Delonx regia Gulmohar 8. Mengifera india DesiMango 9. Michelia champaka Swarnchampa Peltophorum pherugenium reiiow ouirnonar Polyalthea longifolia AsnoK Palms Saraca india oitaAsnok Santalum album wmte banaai Aphlandra 2. Bougainvellia 3. Bauhinia alba 4. Bauhinia acuminata 5. Calliandra 6. Crosandra 7. Duranta 8. Gardenia floria 9.

Nerium oleander Musanda Sanchezia Thevetia nerifolia Tecoma gaurichari Anacardium occidentale Cashew nut 2. Cinamomum camphora Kapoor 3. Casuarina equistifolia Casuarina 4. Dalbergia latifolia Rosewood 5. Mengifera indica Mango 6. Palms 7. Pterospermum acerifolium 8. Saraca indica SitaAshok 9. Sweitenia mahogoni IVlahogoni Tabubia spectibilis Bougainvellia - Garden glory 2. Bauhinia alba 3. Bauhinia acuminata ' 4. Crosandra 6. Hamelia 9. Magnolia sps. Nerium oleander.

Kaner Tecoma capensis TMS single and double Thevetia nerifolia.. Yellow Kaner 65! Name Name Name Indian Languages Characteristics and suggested locations for use in brief 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Grown at altitudes m Abies Webbiana 2. Acacia Kikar, Small. It is also grown Babul in U. Unsuitable for places of extreme winter frost. Its thorns and thinness of shade are drawbacks as an avenue tree, but can be used in dry places for checking it erosion since sends deep roots.

Good value it for timber. Suitable for sowing on rocky and dry ground where irrigation is impossible. Does nothave a smooth and flowing appearance and is ragged looking. Should be tried only when nothing better will grow. Digitata bread imii Guj Perauka leafless in hot Branches spread widely and form a tree Tarn weather mushroom show head. Leaves are divided into separate narrow leaf lets. Large white flowers are borne single on long stalk. Suitable for dry areas. Ailantlius Coloo Tall, deciduous, A tall quick growing tree with a straight trunk excelsa thrives in and spreading branch, leaves compound with hot regions serated margin.

Deciduous, suitable for hotter region. Wood used for making catamaran. Albizzia Woman's Siris Chichola Mar Flowering, fast Large, handsome deciduous tree with a straight iebbek tongue Vagai Tarn growing, drought bole and a broad-topped crown with spreading Dirsanam Tel resistant, weak limbs.

Leafless during January-March. Fast grow but easily uprooted. Albizzia Sufed Large sizes, This is white-stemmed siris with good height. Procera Siris handsome, quick Grown in the Gangetic plains and nearby hill. Albizza -do- A lofty quick growing tree with a straight trunk, richardina branches go up almost vertically upwards giving the tree a stable shape.

A deciduous tree suitable for roadside planting. Alstonia Devils Chatium Chattim Beng Large sized, shady Large evergreen tree, straight growing, branches spread laterally in whorls giving Scholaris tree flowering dense shade underneath, leaves palmately compound. Produces greenish white fragrant flowers. Timber used for making boxes, black boards, etc.

Albizzia Ohi Large sized, Large, handsome tree with bright green stipulata handsome, quick featleaves. Grows naturally in the low hills- growing especially in Kangra Himahcal Pradesh , but does not thrive In the plains. RC:SP s. Name Name indian Languages Characteristics and suggested locations for use in brief 3 4 5 6 7 Common in west coast of India.

Tam Jidimamidi Thrives on sandy and gravelly soils. Ideal Tel Parangimavu for preventing wind erosion in coastal belt. Mai Geru Kan Not suitable for avenues. Kaju Beng Anogeissus Dhao Tall, evergree, A tall evergreen tree with drooping branchesH acumenato flowering Leaves long and pointed, borne on short Timber very strong. Thrives best on light sandy soil. Bears large size fruits. Panasa Tel fruits Grows in peninsular India, especially in the Pilava Mal coastal belt where high and moist air rainfall previls.

It has both timber and fruit value. Halasu Kan Kathal Beng In summer Veppa Mal drought resistant months it is in thick leaf giving excellent shade. Stands a dry climate, but not suitable Nim Beng for water-logged and frost susceptible areas. Yields good timber. Not bambos Bongu Meduru Tel economic value good shade as its spread is limited.

Not for Mola Mal a tree for aveune. Bamboo has good Biduru Kan economic value. Leaves racemosa broad near the apex, cluster near the end of the branches on short stalk. Bears long pendulous cream rosy flowers. Irippa Mal growth new ones appear in April-May, Affords good shade and is a good avenue tree. Ippegida Kan Mohua Beng Bauhinia Kachnar Kandhan Beng Small sized, quick Common in the northern hills of the country uariegata growth, light though also found in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, foliage, flowering An ornamental tree while in flower, and of moderate size.

Tall tree with a straight cum Simbal Pula Mal Mullu foliage, flowering bole and branches in whorls. Needs high Buraga Kan water table and light rich soil. Timber has Simul Beng great economic value. Grown throughout India, except in arid climate. Fairly good shade.

Rather a formal tree, but is useful to mix with others. Pana Mal edible fruits have large luxuhant leaves, long stems and sturdy trunks. Not for shade. Pane Kan Tab Beng Narrow smooth leathery leaves are clustered near the ends of the twigs. Produces bhght red bottle brush like flower in abundances. Suitable for avenue planting. Name Name Name Indian Languages Characteristics and suggested locations for use in brief 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yellow flowers auriculata Cassia Thanged Tel dense foliage, in winter make it attractive.

An inhabitant of Avara Mal flowering dry salt land. Very hardy plant, affording Avara Kan good ground cover against erosion. The flowers are yellow colour Indian Konna Mal light foliage, when The fresh, later turning to bright green. A good choice for ornamental planting but not suitable for avenue planting as does not give much shade. Cassia Chechwa Small sized, thick Quick-growing tree, but short-lived and liable slamea foliage, weak to damage from wind. A good shady tree in wood, flowering hot weather.

Not a very good roadside avenue tree, but picturesque because of its yellow flowers in clusters. Drought resistant, grows in poor soils. Successful in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Castanosper Moretan Medium sized, This middle lized evergreen tree has a straight mum australe Bay evergreen, thick trunk, smooth grey bark, rather drooping Chestnut foliage branches and dense handsome imparipinnate foliage, very suitable for tropics as shade tree owing to its dense and handsome foliage.

Can be Toona Tun Tundu Kan growth, light grown in the plain regions of the country and foliage inlower hills. Does not thrive in dry area as it needs moisture. Generally needs rich soil. Great economic value for timber. Large handsome, dark-green tree. Suitable for roadside and groves in the hills. Numerous branches spring from the same level and radiate horizontally outwards.

Cocos Coconut Nariyal Thenga Tam Tall, unbranched, Grows ideally in coastal belt with heavy nucifera palm Kobbari, edible fruits rainfall. Good economic yield. Colvillea Colville's Kilbli Large sized, A handsome tall tree. Leaves larger and dark racemosa glory handsome, light greyish than gulmohar. A small tree, some times branching from the sebestena Cordia Lasora Acchinarurihli Tam Flowering base. Has dark grey bark which is rough and marked with longitudinal furrows.

Couroupita Cannon Shiva- Nagalingam Beng Tall, evergreen A evergreen tree with a stout straight tall guianensis ball tree lingam flowering trunk and rough browish grey bark. Narrow pointed leaves cluster at the neds of short branches.

Name Name Name Indian Languages Characteristics and suggested locations for use in brief 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 trunk. The fruit is large, hard, brown and spherical. Flourishes only in moist tropical climate. Leaves religiosa quince Bilpatre Kan foliage, slow and deciduous. Very beautiful when triplicate Varmo Guj growth, flowering laden with cream coloured flowers in April. A Mili IVIal shady tree in summer. Hardy and drought resistant. Delbergia Shis- Large sized, good Grows best in light sandy soil.

Stiff soils do sissoo ham, shade, economic not suit it.